1953-Biological Warfare Training Manual at Treasure Island, San Francisco CA

Film of the Navy purposely contaminating San Francisco with Serratia marcescens in 1951 and in color, “Naval Concepts of Chemical and Biological Warfare” Naval Concepts of Chemical and Biological Warfare (1952), Department of Defense Film Production, National Archives and Records Administration Catalogue # 428.MN.9170A, Declassified NND Authority # 64044

Navy Reports that indicate the Biological Warfare training was concurrent with the Radiological Warfare Decontamination Training at Treasure Island. This constant testing caused an incident in 1950 whereby 11 people were infected by a bacterium that produced a pneumonia that cost a man his life. Senator Edward Kennedy was very upset about this in a 1977 hearing and chewed out the Army official who told the committee about the problem.

NIH report on Serratia infections

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Human Resources. Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research. Biological Testing Involving Human Subjects by the Department of Defense, 1977: Hearings Before the Subcommittee On Health And Scientific Research of the Committee On Human Resources, United States Senate, Ninety-fifth Congress, First Session … March 8 And May 23, 1977. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1977.

United States Navy Biological Warfare Defense, Civil Engineer Corps, United States Navy, TECHNICAL PUBLICATION NAVDOCKS TP-PL-4; REV. 15 April 1953 (REPRINTED 1 SEPT 1953 INCORPORATING PRIOR CHANGES)
Department of the Navy, Bureau of Yards and Docks, Washington 25, DC
:

A1.05 Simulant Agents
Simulant BW agents are microorganisms or compounds having little or no pathogenicity or toxicity, but otherwise resembling true BW agents in certain characteristics or properties, such as viability, size, food or cultural requirements, growth characteristics, persistency, and routes of invasion. They are particularly useful in field testing the behavior of munitions, determination of effect of particle size on penetration of the air passages of animals, survival of vegetable and spore-bearing organisms under experimental and environmental conditions, testing of protective devices and procedures, and for training. purposes. Examples of microbial simulants are serratia marcescens or Bacillus prodigiosus, a vegetable nonsporulating organism, and Bacillus globigii, a spore-forming rod-shaped bacterium. Continue reading “1953-Biological Warfare Training Manual at Treasure Island, San Francisco CA”

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Treasure Island CA – 1952- Chemical warfare course and manual, San Francisco CA

Chemical Warfare Defense
Civil Engineer Corps, United States Navy Tp-PL-3
Bureau of Yards and Docks, Department of the Navy Washington, D. C. 1 January 1952
p. 12


133.02 Training Courses
A three-week chemical warfare course is conducted at the Chemical Corps School, Fort McClellan, Alabama, (formerly located at the Chemical Center, Maryland) and at the U.S. Damage Control Training Center, Treasure Island, California. Details on courses are given in NavPers 15795 List of Naval Schools and Courses. These courses are designed for key personnel of the defense organization to prepare them to conduct necessary training of station personnel. A proposed course for personnel to be assigned to decontamination operations is outlined in Department of the Army Field Manual FM 21-40, “Defense Against Chemical Attack”

Agents used

FM 21-40 Defense Against Chemical Attack 1940 by United States. Army. Chemical Warfare Service Page 6

Mustard
Nitrogen Mustard

Blister Agents
Lewisite
Ethyldichlorarsine
Methyldichlorasine
Phenyldichlorasine
Mixed Blister Gases

Choking Agents
Phosgene
Diphosgene
Chloropicrin

Systemic Agents
Hydrocyanic Acid
Cyanogen Chloride
Arsine

Nerve Agents
G Gas

Vomiting Agents
Adamsite
Diphenylchloroarsine
Diphenylocyanarsine

Tear Agents
Chloroacetophenone
Chloroacetophenone (solution3)
Chloroacetophenone (training solution 4)
Brombenzyloyanids

Screening Smokes
Hexachlorethane Mixture
Sulfur Trioxids in chlor-sulfonic acid
Titanium tetrachloride
White phosphorus Continue reading “Treasure Island CA – 1952- Chemical warfare course and manual, San Francisco CA”

USS Pandemonium Treasure Island Biological and Chemical Training Ship.

The Navy built a mockup of a ship at Treasure Island which was used to train military personnel how to clean up after a Chemical and/or biological strike. The ship was later built to contain laboratories and a large shower room for decontaminating the personnel exposed to the biological and Chemical agents in the testing.

All Hands
The Bureau of Naval Personnel Information Bulletin
July 1957 Nav-Pers-O Number 486
The Good Ship ‘Pandemonium’ p. 16 ,Treasure Island,
All Hands
The Bureau of Naval Personnel Information Bulletin
July 1957 Nav-Pers-O Number 486
The Good Ship ‘Pandemonium’ p. 176 ,Treasure Island,

All Hands
The Bureau of Naval Personnel Information Bulletin
July 1957 Nav-Pers-O Number 486
The Good Ship ‘Pandemonium’ pp 16., Treasure Island,

ARRIVING AT NAVAL STATION, Treasure Island, with orders from the Chief of Naval Personnel to teach Biological-Chemical defensive measures at the Damage Control School, CDR John H. Stover, MC, usn, had the bright idea that simulated “reallife” shipboard conditions would be a big help in teaching the course.

That idea, plus plenty of willing hands, plus help from Navy headquarters, resulted in Pandemonium.

Here’s the story:

There was no ship in the area that could have answered the needs of the course.

Even if there had been, it would have been a tough job to obtain exclusive use of it for class-room studies.

But—parts of ships would provide the same desired simulated effect in demonstrating the use of modem techniques. There was a deck house handy, and it was not in use.

From various naval installations in the area came promises of “junk,” surplus gear, scraps for enlarging the “mock-up” to include a partial deck, some old guns, winches and a bit of hull at the bow.

As soon as the promised materials began to arrive, labor was performed by the personnel of the service school command and through the Naval Receiving Station in the form of transient personnel. Soon students “came aboard” for training, learning through actual demonstration and practice.

Through the chain of command application was made to the Bureau of Ships for funds to sink pilings and raise the deck to the level of an actual PC-type vessel for better simulated working conditions. BuShips, realizing the value of such a project, made the funds available. Later, pilings were sunk and the deck house and partial deck were hoisted into place upon them.

This odd-looking vessel with only deck house and partial deck, looked somehow like a house on stilts, with no underpinning.

But now more scraps began to arrive, metal pieces, hatches, and fittings. Plans and photographs of a PC-type vessel were procured, and construction continued.

Fifteen months later, in February, 1957, the “ship” had progressed to an undreamed-of stage. She now measured 173 feet in length, 24 feet at the beam.

BuShips provided money for steel, a wash-down system and utilities and had given cooperation in procuring the many miscellaneous items of equipment.

Bureau of Medicine and Surgery gave financial aid and equipment for shipboard laboratories. BuPers provided funds for shore connections to run the utilities to the ship, and aided by procuring items of equipment including surplus guns, compasses, electrical gear, flags, sextants, and binoculars. A “ship” was taking shape.

On 1 Feb 1957, ceremonies for christening the strange craft were held at the Atomic-Biological-Chemical Defense section of the Naval Schools Command at Treasure Island. The name Pandemonium had been decided upon, since it best described the little ship’s decks immediately following a simulated attack by enemy forces.

At the ceremony, the Twelfth Naval District Band struck up the National Anthem, the Jack was hoisted, and uss Pandemonium (PCDC-1) swept down the ways Here, thanks to a bright idea, students will sail through many years of classroom studies learning defensive measures againt biological and chemical attack.

-H. Ellis, J02, usn

 

 

Atomic, Biological and Chemical Training at Treasure Island California 1957

Medical News Letter, Vol. 26, No. 5 p. 24
Friday, September 20, 1957

Information for Medical Officers Medical officers are encouraged to attend one of the following courses of instruction in the indoctrination of the defensive aspects of atomic, biological, and chemical warfare. Each course is five weeks in duration.

Two weeks are devoted to atomic warfare defense; two weeks to biological chemical warfare defense; and the fifth week to the planning and damage control aspects of special weapons handling. Secret clearance is required for all or any phase of the courses, and prospective students should familiarize themselves with the contents of OpNav Instruction 5510. 1A. Additional information on the courses may be found in BuPers Instruction 1500. 25 and BuPers Notice 1500 of 10 May 1955. Requests for attendance should be processed m accordance with local instructions. Convening dates for the remainder of Fiscal Year 1956 are contained in the directives above. Continue reading “Atomic, Biological and Chemical Training at Treasure Island California 1957”

50 Fell Street, San Francisco ABC Warfare and Civil Disaster Program in Twelfth Naval District

United States Navy Medical News Letter, Vol. 30 Friday, September 20, 1957 No. 6 p.29

The U S Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, San Francisco Naval Shipyard (Hunters Point), will conduct a seminar during the 3-day period, 17 – 19 October 1957, under the sponsorship of the Commandant, Twelfth Naval District. Speakers and discussants scheduled to present the program include prominent military and civilian physicians and scientists.

The Chief of Naval Personnel has authorized the awarding of one (1) retirement point credit to eligible inactive Naval Reserve Medical Department officers for daily attendance, provided they register such attendance with the authorized military representative present. Security clearance is not required.

Additional information concerning this program may be obtained by writing to the District Medical Officer, Twelfth Naval District, 50 Fell St., San Francisco, Calif.

Treasure Island Atomic, Biological, and Chemical Warfare for Medical Officers

Medical News Letter, Vol. 33, No. 12 op. 20
Training in ABC Warfare for Medical Officers -A Four Weeks’ Course

Course #5 convening 4 January 1960
Location: U.S. Naval Schools Command, Naval Station, Treasure Island, San Francisco, Calif.
Student Clearance Required: SECRET
Reporting Time and Place: Prior to 2200, 3 January 1960, Personnel Office, U.S. Naval Schools Command, Bldg. 28

Course Objectives

The course is designed for experienced active duty Naval Medical officers possessing SECRET security clearance. It will stress the medical aspects of modern warfare and of military peace time operations, including problems incident to atomic, biological, and chemical weapons systems, nuclear propulsion, mass casualties, and isotope programs. Military aspects of the weapons systems and military countermeasures will also be considered so that Medical officers may function effectively on a staff and can reasonably assess the medical compromises imposed by the military situation. Outstanding speakers, both military and civilian, will be on the program. The course will include visits to the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory and the Naval Biological Laboratory; it will also include several practical exercises and drills. Texts will be provided for permanent retention Continue reading “Treasure Island Atomic, Biological, and Chemical Warfare for Medical Officers”

Treasure Island CA – Biological and Chemical Training Center US Navy Medical News Letter, Vol. 29, No. 5 Friday, l March 1957 page 14

Description of the Atomic, Biological and Chemical training center at Treasure Island Navy Base including the showers necessary to decontaminate the students from the Biological and Chemical Training Center at Treasure Island.

The Evolution of the USS Pandemonium US Navy Medical News Letter, Vol. 29, No. 5 Friday, l March 1957 page 14

The old adage, “Big oaks from little acorns grow, ” was recently demonstrated at the Biological and Chemical Warfare Defense School at Treasure Island, Calif. In July 1955, an old deckhouse served as a mockup for shipboard training in biological and chemical warfare counter-measures. Today, the deckhouse has grown into the USS Pandemonium, a full-scale mockup of a 173 PC.
The Pandemonium has been designed throughout for the teaching of all phases of ABC shipboard defense and recovery techniques. It was constructed from a set of general plans of the PC-1170 and !rom photos of the PC-116. Continue reading “Treasure Island CA – Biological and Chemical Training Center US Navy Medical News Letter, Vol. 29, No. 5 Friday, l March 1957 page 14”

Dumping Nuclear Waste Directly into San Francisco Bay, the Cover UP, NAVY REPORT 10 December 1946

DTIC AD0473908: OPERATION CROSSROADS. RADIOLOGICAL DECONTAMINATION OF TARGET AND NON- TARGET VESSELS. VOLUME 3 pp.102-115
Note: “The Cover Up” is on page 109
[Note all page numbers and notes will be enclosed in these brackets]

Code 180 A
All/Crossroads/S99
S-E-C-R-E-T

NAVY DEPARTMENT
Bureau of Ships
Washington 25, D.C.

10 December 1946

MEMORANDUM

Subject: Conference on Radiological Safety; Report of.
Time: 0910, 27 November 1946.
Place: Navy Department, Bureau of Ships Room T3-2703.

Present: R.Adm.SOLBERG (BuShips) Col. NICHOLS (ManhatDist)
Capt. MAXWELL (BuShips) Col. ROPER (ManhatDist)
Cdr. REE (BuShips) Col. FIELDS (ManhatDist)
Cdr. HOFFMAN (BuShips ) Col. COONEY (RadSafe)
WesCoRep.) Capt.LYON (BuMed)
Cdr. LANGER (BuShips) Dr. HAMILTON (Univ.Calif)
Cdr. HAWES (BuShips) Continue reading “Dumping Nuclear Waste Directly into San Francisco Bay, the Cover UP, NAVY REPORT 10 December 1946”

1946-09-04 CINPAC ORDERS Disposal of Target Vessels hit by two Atomic Bombs in Operation Crossroads

Navy Reports that document the dumping of nuclear waste directly into San Francisco Bay as well as other Navy Bases, the orders, correspondence, etc.

Citation: DTIC AD0473908: OPERATION CROSSROADS. RADIOLOGICAL DECONTAMINATION OF TARGET AND NON- TARGET VESSELS. VOLUME 3 pp 14-15
Citation: https://archive.org/download/DTIC_AD0473908/DTIC_AD0473908.pdf

FROM: CINCPAC TO: ALPAC 238
INFO: CNO
4 SEPT 46 BUSHIPS
COM 11/COMWESSEAFRON
COM 12/CJTF-l
COMDR ALL NAV TG JTF-1
COM 13/ COM 14

032333Z NCR 9560

ALL VESSELS AND SMALL BOATS INCLUDING SMALL LANDING CRAFT WHICH HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO RADIOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION AS A RESULT OF CROSSROADS WILL BE TREATED AS FOLLOWS UNTIL DEFINITELY PROVEN SAFE BY MONITOR GROUPS TO BE ESTABLISHED AT SAN FRANCISCO, KWAJALEIN, GUAM AND UNTIL DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS ARE PROMULGATED BY CJTF-1. Continue reading “1946-09-04 CINPAC ORDERS Disposal of Target Vessels hit by two Atomic Bombs in Operation Crossroads”

OPERATION CROSSROADS, RADIOLOGICAL DECONTAMINATION OF TARGET AND NON- TARGET VESSELS Part I

Navy Reports that document the dumping of nuclear waste directly into San Francisco Bay as well as other Navy Bases, the orders, correspondence, etc.

Introductory statements to the Report

OPERATION CROSSROADS, RADIOLOGICAL DECONTAMINATION OF TARGET AND NON- TARGET VESSELS Part I pp 3-17
https://archive.org/download/DTIC_AD0473906/DTIC_AD0473906.pdf

[Note all page numbers and notes will be enclosed in these brackets]

[It is important to note that the safe radiation levels at the time did not put into consideration the cancer hazard and all they were concerned about is preventing radiation sickness. All of the sailors involved in this operation were later compensated with a settlement from the United States after Congressional Hearings in the Clinton Administration, the ones still alive of course.]

PART I

DECONTAMINATION OF TARGET VESSELS

1. As a result of Test Able on 1 July, no extensive deposit of long life radioactive fission products or alpha emitters was found on the target vessels. Radioactivity existing was induced type and was of very short half-life. Within a period of twenty four hours after fission of the bomb the level of radioactivity permitted reoccupation of surviving targets, with the exception of concrete barge YO-160, without radiological hazard. Consequently no decontamination of target vessels was required. Continue reading “OPERATION CROSSROADS, RADIOLOGICAL DECONTAMINATION OF TARGET AND NON- TARGET VESSELS Part I”